CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION:
When we rise in the morning and listen to the radio or read the newspaper, we are confronted with the same sad news: violence, crime, wars, and disasters. I cannot recall a single day without a report of something terrible happening somewhere. Even in these modern times it is clear that one's precious life is not safe. No former generation has had to experience so much bad news as we face today; this constant awareness of fear and tension should make any sensitive and compassionate person question seriously the progress of our modern world.
To drive this home to our own nation Nigeria, due to this ugly in our current environment, that has destabilized our peace and security system, many business opportunities and profits that could have be harnessed from foreign investors has been a thing of history, thereby chasing them away and at the same time taking our nation, many years back and dashing their quest to make in the list of 20 most developed nations in the world.
It is ironic that the more serious problems emanate from the more industrially advanced societies. Science and technology have worked wonders in many fields, but the basic human problems remain. There is unprecedented literacy, yet this universal education does not seem to have fostered goodness, but only mental restlessness and discontent instead. There is no doubt about the increase in our material progress and technology, but somehow this is not sufficient as we have not yet succeeded in bringing about peace and happiness or in overcoming the challenges to achieving a stable economic environment.
1.1 PEACE:
Peace can be summarily described as a state of tranquility, quiet and harmony, more so, it can also be described, as a state free of oppressive and unpleasant emotional thoughts. Peace comes from being able to contribute the best that we have, and all that we are, toward creating a world that supports everyone. But it is also securing the space for others to contribute the best that they have and all that they are.
INTRODUCTION:
When we rise in the morning and listen to the radio or read the newspaper, we are confronted with the same sad news: violence, crime, wars, and disasters. I cannot recall a single day without a report of something terrible happening somewhere. Even in these modern times it is clear that one's precious life is not safe. No former generation has had to experience so much bad news as we face today; this constant awareness of fear and tension should make any sensitive and compassionate person question seriously the progress of our modern world.
To drive this home to our own nation Nigeria, due to this ugly in our current environment, that has destabilized our peace and security system, many business opportunities and profits that could have be harnessed from foreign investors has been a thing of history, thereby chasing them away and at the same time taking our nation, many years back and dashing their quest to make in the list of 20 most developed nations in the world.
It is ironic that the more serious problems emanate from the more industrially advanced societies. Science and technology have worked wonders in many fields, but the basic human problems remain. There is unprecedented literacy, yet this universal education does not seem to have fostered goodness, but only mental restlessness and discontent instead. There is no doubt about the increase in our material progress and technology, but somehow this is not sufficient as we have not yet succeeded in bringing about peace and happiness or in overcoming the challenges to achieving a stable economic environment.
1.1 PEACE:
Peace can be summarily described as a state of tranquility, quiet and harmony, more so, it can also be described, as a state free of oppressive and unpleasant emotional thoughts. Peace comes from being able to contribute the best that we have, and all that we are, toward creating a world that supports everyone. But it is also securing the space for others to contribute the best that they have and all that they are.
1.2 SECURITY.
Security, can be best defined as the the condition of not being threatened, more especially, physically, financially, emotionally and psychologically. Security, also, can be defined as the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. It applies to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community, nation, or organization
Security, can be best defined as the the condition of not being threatened, more especially, physically, financially, emotionally and psychologically. Security, also, can be defined as the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. It applies to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community, nation, or organization
CHAPTER 2
2.1 WHY PEACE AND SECURITY IS KEY TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
A stable national security environment is crucial to achieving a development, human security and general welfare. Stability can be threatened, however, by internal security concerns such as recurring armed conflict and criminality, together with new global security threats such as terrorism, human tracking, illegal arms trade, and drug tracking. The challenge, therefore, is for the country to achieve national stability through an appropriate and adequate response to internal conflicts and external threats, so that it may become a responsible partner in promoting peace and good relations among nations who will then open doors to international trades for them and their ally nations,
Take a nation like Iran for example, who faced one of the worst economic breakdown in the history of the world from many sanctions the United nations and countries like the United States gave them, as a result of their inability and stubbornness to make clear of their nuclear program for electicity to the United Nations and other Nation like Israel who fear they will only use it as weapons against other nations, which posed as threat to both their internal and external security to the world.
A stable national security environment is crucial to achieving a development, human security and general welfare. Stability can be threatened, however, by internal security concerns such as recurring armed conflict and criminality, together with new global security threats such as terrorism, human tracking, illegal arms trade, and drug tracking. The challenge, therefore, is for the country to achieve national stability through an appropriate and adequate response to internal conflicts and external threats, so that it may become a responsible partner in promoting peace and good relations among nations who will then open doors to international trades for them and their ally nations,
Take a nation like Iran for example, who faced one of the worst economic breakdown in the history of the world from many sanctions the United nations and countries like the United States gave them, as a result of their inability and stubbornness to make clear of their nuclear program for electicity to the United Nations and other Nation like Israel who fear they will only use it as weapons against other nations, which posed as threat to both their internal and external security to the world.
2.2 SOURCES AND OF THREAT TO NATION’S PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT
2.2.1 INTERNAL PEACE SECURITY CHALLENGES TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT;
Of all security concerns, the most pressing is the internal conflict involving armed groups with a capability to gravely affect lives and properties in areas in Northern Nigeria, Southern Philippines, and other Nations like chad and Somalia, especially those with large Muslim population. While government instituted efforts to come to apolitical settlement with the armed groups and has worked to address the causes of conflict, these conflicts have persisted, thereby affecting the delivery of basic services and creating a large development gap between confict-afected areas and the rest of the country. Among the causes of armed conflict are abject poverty, poor governance, abuse of power, corruption, failures of the justice system, human rights violations, disputes over land ownership and use of natural resources, marginalization of lumad and indigenous cultural communities, and the lack of respect and recognition of ancestral domain and indigenous peoples’ rights.
Of all security concerns, the most pressing is the internal conflict involving armed groups with a capability to gravely affect lives and properties in areas in Northern Nigeria, Southern Philippines, and other Nations like chad and Somalia, especially those with large Muslim population. While government instituted efforts to come to apolitical settlement with the armed groups and has worked to address the causes of conflict, these conflicts have persisted, thereby affecting the delivery of basic services and creating a large development gap between confict-afected areas and the rest of the country. Among the causes of armed conflict are abject poverty, poor governance, abuse of power, corruption, failures of the justice system, human rights violations, disputes over land ownership and use of natural resources, marginalization of lumad and indigenous cultural communities, and the lack of respect and recognition of ancestral domain and indigenous peoples’ rights.
2.2.2 EXTERNAL PEACE AND SECURITY CHALLENGES
As global trade in goods and services and international investment become important drivers of the country’s economic growth, government shall continue to be vigilant in responding to crimes that thrive under an environment of increasingly open borders, such as terrorism, human trafficking, arms and drug-trafficking, and smuggling.
Greater efforts shall be exerted to safeguard the country’s interests within maritime areas, notably its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), through heightened maritime security capabilities in order not to attract international trade sanctions and and other penalties that will affect the country’s business relationship with other nations.
As global trade in goods and services and international investment become important drivers of the country’s economic growth, government shall continue to be vigilant in responding to crimes that thrive under an environment of increasingly open borders, such as terrorism, human trafficking, arms and drug-trafficking, and smuggling.
Greater efforts shall be exerted to safeguard the country’s interests within maritime areas, notably its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), through heightened maritime security capabilities in order not to attract international trade sanctions and and other penalties that will affect the country’s business relationship with other nations.
2.2.3 OTHER PEACE AND SECURITY CHALLENGES
Other threats to peace and development in local communities arise from criminal elements and other armed threats to peace and order, including politically partisan armed groups (PAGS) that surface during the conduct of national and local elections. Putting an end to these criminal activities shall be given prime importance.
Other threats to peace and development in local communities arise from criminal elements and other armed threats to peace and order, including politically partisan armed groups (PAGS) that surface during the conduct of national and local elections. Putting an end to these criminal activities shall be given prime importance.
CHAPTER 3
3.1 PROVIDING SOLUTIONS TO ANNUL THE EFFECT OF PROBLEMS
TO PEACE AND SECURITY CHALLENGES:
Ensuring National peace and security challenges, the government shall create and sustain an enabling environment conducive to development. This will be done by involving the whole government, other institutions, and the entire citizenry in addressing national integrity, public order and safety, and governance reforms. These mutually-reinforcing strategies are envisioned to secure internal and external peace that will contribute to the developmental efforts of the government and ensure that the will be able to take part in the process of economic growth and development
3.2 THE SOLUTIONS ARE:
1. Promotion of sustained internal stability.
2. Full capability to uphold the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state assured
3. Highest standard of capability and preparedness against natural calamities and disasters achieved
and
4. Security sector reformed and modernized.
TO PEACE AND SECURITY CHALLENGES:
Ensuring National peace and security challenges, the government shall create and sustain an enabling environment conducive to development. This will be done by involving the whole government, other institutions, and the entire citizenry in addressing national integrity, public order and safety, and governance reforms. These mutually-reinforcing strategies are envisioned to secure internal and external peace that will contribute to the developmental efforts of the government and ensure that the will be able to take part in the process of economic growth and development
3.2 THE SOLUTIONS ARE:
1. Promotion of sustained internal stability.
2. Full capability to uphold the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state assured
3. Highest standard of capability and preparedness against natural calamities and disasters achieved
and
4. Security sector reformed and modernized.
1) To promote and sustain internal stability; the following strategies shall be pursued:
a) Capabilities of armed groups Like the boko haram and the Niger Delta volunteer forces, and other radical groups must be reduced at a level where they can no longer threaten the stability of the state., in order to encourage investors and foreigners, to come in and contribute to national development.
• Contribute to the establishment of conditions for civil authorities to take responsibility for the safety and wellbeing of their constituents.
b) Continuous and intensified police and other law enforcement agencies’ operations must be implemented to address criminality including organized crime groups. To ensure the safety of the citizenry from becoming victims of unlawful acts, the following shall be carried out:
• Enforce the law effectively and credibly and anti crime strategies in partnership and collaboration with stakeholders and other pillars of the Criminal Justice System;
• Improve performance in solving crimes; and
• Dismantle private armed groups.
2) To assure full capability to uphold the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state,
the following strategies shall be undertaken:
a) International relations and external security must be sustained and cultivated through the following:
• Strengthen cooperative security arrangements with neighbors and other countries by adopting mechanisms in the regional and global setting in building confidence and promoting consultations and interactions.
• Pursue friendly and peaceful bilateral and multilateral relations with other nations and international agencies to
promote cooperative projects in the political, economic and military felds,as well as assuring the security and welfare of Filipinos working and living abroad; and
• Expand and improve participation in UN Peace Operations.
b) Capability on border management, surveillance and detection against lawless elements must be improved through the following:
• Enhancement of border security:
through the strict enforcement of the national immigration laws and upgrading of surveillance and detection capacity to thwart the entry of foreign terrorists and other lawless elements as well as human trafficking and smuggling of anti- social goods and weapons of mass destruction; and
• Ensuring that maritime assets, maritime practices, territorial integrity and coastal areas are protected in accordance with the Law.
3) To achieve the highest standard of capability and preparedness against natural and man-made calamities and disasters, the following will be undertaken:
• Strengthen the role of the security sector in emergency relief and rescue operations to maintain public order and safety during calamities. Mechanisms to improve alert warning and monitoring before and during disasters will be enhanced to pre-empt loss to lives and properties. the sector will be transformed to become more dynamic, proactive, and responsive to prevent and prepare for disasters through improvement on technical
and institutional capacity, and by promoting synergy among stakeholders and building resiliency of communities to disasters; and
• Support national development programs by securing and protecting critical infrastructures and facilities, and other high value projects of the public and private sector.
4) To carry out Security Sector Reform and Modernization initiatives that shall adhere to the principle of transparency and accountability, the following strategies shall be implemented:
a) Pursue reforms in the security sector by adopting policies, programs and activities that contribute to:
• Strengthening the civilian control and oversight of the security sector;
• Orienting the security forces, to include, among others, programs designed to train soldiers, police and other security sector personnel on their respective responsibilities, respect on human rights and international law, and ethnic sensitivity;
• Strengthening the internal security system, Pursue and support for reform. the security sector must rebuild themselves as institutions by reorganizing, retooling, and reorienting the approaches to keep up with the constantly changing policy and security strategy environment; and
• Strengthening of the rule of law throughout the country by ensuring a strong, independent judicial system and a better functioning of correctional systems so that justice is applied to all . The Nigerian government recognizes the need to strengthen the rule of law to assure the people of the basic protective services with an effective and reliable response mechanism from the law enforcement agencies as well as a functioning and dependable justice system.
b) Pursue the upgrading and modernization of the defense and security establishments to perform the full spectrum of roles and mandates in accordance to the more comprehensive and updated definition of National Security. This entails the following:
• Capability to perform all types and levels of internal and external operations as well as non- traditional and development roles;
• Capability to perform air, land and sea operations, as mandated;
• Capacity building of the security sector particularly on non-traditional skills on conflict resolution and peace-building, democratic accountability, gender and development issues, ethnic sensitivity, and indigenous people’s rights; and
• Education, training, and preparation of all officers (including non-commissioned officers) and civilian employees, in accordance with the highest standards of personal integrity and professional competence required in all the leadership, officer, technical and rank and positions in the armed and other uniformed services.
a) Capabilities of armed groups Like the boko haram and the Niger Delta volunteer forces, and other radical groups must be reduced at a level where they can no longer threaten the stability of the state., in order to encourage investors and foreigners, to come in and contribute to national development.
• Contribute to the establishment of conditions for civil authorities to take responsibility for the safety and wellbeing of their constituents.
b) Continuous and intensified police and other law enforcement agencies’ operations must be implemented to address criminality including organized crime groups. To ensure the safety of the citizenry from becoming victims of unlawful acts, the following shall be carried out:
• Enforce the law effectively and credibly and anti crime strategies in partnership and collaboration with stakeholders and other pillars of the Criminal Justice System;
• Improve performance in solving crimes; and
• Dismantle private armed groups.
2) To assure full capability to uphold the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state,
the following strategies shall be undertaken:
a) International relations and external security must be sustained and cultivated through the following:
• Strengthen cooperative security arrangements with neighbors and other countries by adopting mechanisms in the regional and global setting in building confidence and promoting consultations and interactions.
• Pursue friendly and peaceful bilateral and multilateral relations with other nations and international agencies to
promote cooperative projects in the political, economic and military felds,as well as assuring the security and welfare of Filipinos working and living abroad; and
• Expand and improve participation in UN Peace Operations.
b) Capability on border management, surveillance and detection against lawless elements must be improved through the following:
• Enhancement of border security:
through the strict enforcement of the national immigration laws and upgrading of surveillance and detection capacity to thwart the entry of foreign terrorists and other lawless elements as well as human trafficking and smuggling of anti- social goods and weapons of mass destruction; and
• Ensuring that maritime assets, maritime practices, territorial integrity and coastal areas are protected in accordance with the Law.
3) To achieve the highest standard of capability and preparedness against natural and man-made calamities and disasters, the following will be undertaken:
• Strengthen the role of the security sector in emergency relief and rescue operations to maintain public order and safety during calamities. Mechanisms to improve alert warning and monitoring before and during disasters will be enhanced to pre-empt loss to lives and properties. the sector will be transformed to become more dynamic, proactive, and responsive to prevent and prepare for disasters through improvement on technical
and institutional capacity, and by promoting synergy among stakeholders and building resiliency of communities to disasters; and
• Support national development programs by securing and protecting critical infrastructures and facilities, and other high value projects of the public and private sector.
4) To carry out Security Sector Reform and Modernization initiatives that shall adhere to the principle of transparency and accountability, the following strategies shall be implemented:
a) Pursue reforms in the security sector by adopting policies, programs and activities that contribute to:
• Strengthening the civilian control and oversight of the security sector;
• Orienting the security forces, to include, among others, programs designed to train soldiers, police and other security sector personnel on their respective responsibilities, respect on human rights and international law, and ethnic sensitivity;
• Strengthening the internal security system, Pursue and support for reform. the security sector must rebuild themselves as institutions by reorganizing, retooling, and reorienting the approaches to keep up with the constantly changing policy and security strategy environment; and
• Strengthening of the rule of law throughout the country by ensuring a strong, independent judicial system and a better functioning of correctional systems so that justice is applied to all . The Nigerian government recognizes the need to strengthen the rule of law to assure the people of the basic protective services with an effective and reliable response mechanism from the law enforcement agencies as well as a functioning and dependable justice system.
b) Pursue the upgrading and modernization of the defense and security establishments to perform the full spectrum of roles and mandates in accordance to the more comprehensive and updated definition of National Security. This entails the following:
• Capability to perform all types and levels of internal and external operations as well as non- traditional and development roles;
• Capability to perform air, land and sea operations, as mandated;
• Capacity building of the security sector particularly on non-traditional skills on conflict resolution and peace-building, democratic accountability, gender and development issues, ethnic sensitivity, and indigenous people’s rights; and
• Education, training, and preparation of all officers (including non-commissioned officers) and civilian employees, in accordance with the highest standards of personal integrity and professional competence required in all the leadership, officer, technical and rank and positions in the armed and other uniformed services.
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